![]() We also applied flow technologies for photo-bromination and chlorination of C–H bonds. Photo-induced reductive 5-exo-dig radical cyclization and reduction of alkenyl halides proceeded smoothly, thanks to the combination of a photo flow reactor and low-pressure Hg lamp. Photo-redox-catalyzed alkene alkylation proceeded within a shortened reaction time when the same photo flow reactor and white LED were used instead of a batch reactor. We used a photo-flow set-up, consisting of stainless steel engraved microchannels covered by a quartz top (MiChS L-1) and a sodium lamp, for the isomerization of a fulleroid to PCBM. ![]() However, the energy profile of these reactions was improved further by the use of LED lights. Again the use of blacklight was successful. Then we examined Barton nitrite reaction using a photo flow reactor consisting of stainless-steel channels and a quartz glass top provided by DNS. We started with the flow update of traditional cycloaddition using Mikroglas Dwell device as a flow reactor and a compact light source, such as blacklight, instead of a high-pressure mercury lamp. Once the gases are sufficiently hot, which takes anywhere from 30 seconds to 3 minutes, the ballast regulates the bulb to lower power, and maintains high efficiency.In this article, we discuss how effective photo-induced organic reactions became when applied evolving photo flow technologies through our experiences over these two last decades. The ballast (Figure 1) helps to kickstart this heating by pulling more power from the outlet. Īs mentioned above, CFLs take longer to start-up because the gases within the tubes must be at a high enough temperature. These gases generate ultraviolet light, which excites atoms on the phosphorous coating of the tube, which in turn emits visible light. CFLs instead send electric current through a tube (Figure 1) filled mostly with argon gas, and a slight amount of mercury gas. Incandescents and halogens work by passing an electric current through a filament, which in turn heats up and produces light. If a CFL is broken, there are proper guidelines to ensure safety these can be seen here (EPA).Ī CFL light bulb works differently from an incandescent or halogen bulb. Therefore CFLs should not be thrown in the trash, as there are most often designated recycling locations for a burnt out bulb. ![]() ![]() They do contain a small amount of mercury, which can be a pollutant if disposed of improperly. Their start-up requires slightly more energy, but once running at a constant rate they are quite efficient with their energy use.ĬFLs are safe and must meet proper guidelines to avoid fire and shock hazards. ĬFLs take longer to heat up compared to other bulbs, however. These bulbs have the same brightness of 800 lumens, therefore the CFL bulb accomplishes the same goal while using less power. This means that a 13 watt bulb (a watt is a unit of power) produces the same high-quality light as a 60 watt incandescent. ĬFLs use about a quarter of the power that a typical incandescent bulb does. Many countries are however trying to phase out the use of incandescent light bulbs because of their poor use of electricity, and are moving towards the use of CFLs and LED light bulbs instead. They are much more energy efficient than incandescent light bulbs which are currently still in wide use. Ĭompact fluorescent light bulbs ( CFLs) are a type of light bulb used for lighting needs in a wide range of applications. A CFL light bulb and the parts it contains.
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